MMR vaccination might cause febrile seizures. ¶¶ Adults at high risk include students in post-high school educational institutions, health-care personnel, and international travelers. Severe immunosuppression is defined as CD4+ T-lymphocyte percentages <15% at any age or CD4 count <200 lymphocytes/mm3 for persons aged >5 years (321,322). Prenatal serologic screening is indicated for all pregnant women who lack acceptable evidence of rubella immunity (Table 3). Measles, rubella, and mumps vaccines are recommended for prevention of measles, rubella, and mumps. A persistent measles virus infection can result in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a rare and usually fatal neurologic degenerative disease. Gans H, Yasukawa L, Rinki M, et al. Davidkin I, Jokinen S, Broman M, Leinikki P, Peltola H. Persistence of measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies in an MMR-vaccinated cohort: a 20-year follow-up. Nonetheless, ACIP specified in 2006 that all children and adults in certain high risk groups, including students at post-high school educational institutions, health-care personnel, and international travelers, should receive 2 doses of mumps-containing vaccine (3). In the United States, mumps vaccine effectiveness has been estimated to be between 81% and 91% in junior high and high school settings (192–197), and between 64% and 76% among household or close contacts for 1 dose of mumps-containing vaccine (196,198). Scand J Infect Dis 1973;5:237–41. Babbott FL Jr, Gordon JE. Grillner L, Hedstrom CE, Bergstrom, et al. Bellini WJ, Rota JS, Lowe LE, et al. The risk for thrombocytopenia after MMR vaccination is much less than after natural infection with rubella (one case per 3,000 infections) (56). ** Children who receive a dose of MMR vaccine at age <12 months should be revaccinated with 2 doses of MMR vaccine, the first of which should be administered when the child is aged 12 through 15 months and the second at least 28 days later. The opportunity and obligation to eliminate measles from the United States. Pediatrics 1981;68:18–22. Thus, infants born now are more likely to be susceptible to measles at a younger age (337). Rubella vaccine trials in adults and children. Vaccine 1984;2:274–6. Lewis JE, Chernesky MA, Rawls ML, Rawls WE. Monafo WJ, Haslam DB, Roberts RL, et al. Am J Epidemiol 1971;93:392–8. MMWR 2003;52:228–9. Abedi GR, Mutuc JD, Lawler J, et al. "History" is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:45–9. Epidemiology of a mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated island population and use of a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine for outbreak control—Guam 2009–2010. Int J Epidemiol 2009;38:192–205. However, measles outbreaks among school-aged children who had received 1 dose of measles vaccine prompted ACIP in 1989 to recommend that all children receive 2 doses of measles-containing vaccine, preferably as MMR vaccine (38,39). Serologic screening before vaccination is not recommended during outbreaks because rapid vaccination is necessary to halt disease transmission (6). J Infect Dis 2008;197:950–6. Alternate Text: This figure provides the number of mumps cases in the United States from 1968 through 2011. Studies suggest that children who have a personal or family history of febrile seizures or family history of epilepsy are at increased risk for febrile seizures compared with children without such histories. MMWR 1996;45:603–6. Dudgeon JA, Marshall WC, Peckham CS. Practitioner 1971;207:632–8. Almost all persons who do not respond to the measles component of the first dose of MMR vaccine at age ≥12 months respond to the second dose (135,136). Long-term persistence of mumps antibody after receipt of 2 measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccinations and antibody response after a third MMR vaccination among a university population. J Infect Dis 2008;198:1457–65. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. JAMA 1998;280:527–32. Lupo J, Bernard S, Wintenberger C, et al. J Infect Dis 2012;206:512–22. Serologic evidence of immunity can be sought to determine whether or not an additional dose of MMR or MMRV vaccine is needed. Markowitz LE, Preblud SR, Orenstein WA, et al. MMWR 1994;43:7–19. The first dose of MMR vaccine should be administered at age 12 through 15 months and the second dose at age 4 through 6 years, or as early as 28 days after the first dose. In 1969, Kuhn added a postscript to the book in which he replied to critical responses to the first edition. In another study, the match adjusted odds ratio for children with a family history of febrile seizures was 4.8 (CI = 1.3–18.6) compared with children without a family history of febrile seizures (278). If the vaccine is inadvertently administered to a pregnant woman or a pregnancy occurs within 28 days of vaccination, she should be counseled about the theoretical risk to the fetus. CDC. Instead, it selects those relevant to the juxtaposition of a paradigm with the immediate experience that that paradigm has partially determined. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:42–8. Schlegel M, Osterwalder JJ, Galeazzi RL, Vernazza PL. Mumps mastitis in the nursing female, with a case report. 2012. Smith JC, Snider DE, Pickering K; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Copernicus' contemporaries rejected his cosmology, and Kuhn asserts that they were quite right to do so: Copernicus' cosmology lacked credibility. Gershon AA, Frey HM, Borkowsky W, Steinberg S. Live attenuated rubella virus vaccine: comparison of responses to HPV-77–DE5 and RA 27/3 strains. To improve access to ACIP-recommended vaccines, the Vaccines for Children program, a federally funded program that provides vaccines at no cost to eligible persons aged <19 years, was initiated in 1993 (42). Audet S, Virata-Theimer ML, Beeler JA, et al. For prevention of rubella, 1 dose of MMR vaccine is recommended for persons aged ≥12 months. N Engl J Med 1966;274:67–72. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables. In his unpublished manuscript The Plurality of Worlds, Kuhn introduces the theory of kind concepts: sets of interrelated concepts that are characteristic of a time period in a science and differ in structure from the modern analogous kind concepts. Perinatally HIV-infected youth who received MMR vaccine before effective ART might have increased susceptibility to measles, mumps, and rubella compared with HIV-exposed but uninfected persons. Abzug MJ, Qin M, Levin MJ, et al. All persons aged ≥6 months who plan to travel or live abroad should ensure that they have acceptable evidence of immunity to measles, rubella, and mumps before travel (Table 3). Change in the direction or "map" of research on pages 109, 111. LeBaron CW, Forghani B, Matter L, et al. Reconstituted vaccine can be stored at room temperature between 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F), protected from light for up to 30 minutes. Periodically, ACIP reviews available information to inform the development or revision of its vaccine recommendations. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28:295–9. IGSC has been available since 2006 with the same major indication as IGIV. Mumps vaccine. MMWR 1984;33(No. Rawls WE, Desmyter J, Melnick JL. 5, 2012, pp. Persons who remain unvaccinated put themselves and others in their community, particularly those who cannot be vaccinated, at risk for these diseases and their complications. "Real" mass: the mass of a particle is equal to the. 2012; Available at. Dayan GH, Quinlisk MP, Parker AA, et al. Sherman FE, Michaels RH, Kenny FM. Chamot E, Toscani L, Egger P, Germann D, Bourquin C. [Estimation of the efficacy of three strains of mumps vaccines during an epidemic of mumps in the Geneva canton (Switzerland)]. Poland GA, Jacobson RM, Thampy AM, et al. MMWR 2012;61:253–7. Bloch AB, Orenstein WA, Stetler HC, et al. Antibody response to measles-mumps-rubella vaccine of children with mild illness at the time of vaccination. The minimum interval between the 2 doses of MMR vaccine or MMR vaccine and MMRV vaccine is 28 days, with the first dose administered at age ≥12 months. Pediatrics 2012;130-e1567–74. Johnstone JA, Ross CA, Dunn M. Meningitis and encephalitis associated with mumps infection: a 10-year survey. Am J Med Sci 1954;228:334–61. [12]. Buynak EB, Hilleman MR. Live attenuated mumps virus vaccine. Measles vaccine immunogenicity in 6- versus 15-month-old infants born to mothers in the measles vaccine era. Because concentrations of antibodies are lower, an increase in dose is needed. D'Amelio R, Biselli R, Fascia G, Natalicchio S. Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in the Italian armed forces. Approximately 55,000 cases and 120 measles-related deaths were reported. Lancet 1986;1:939–42. J Infect Dis 2009;199:552–60. Before licensure of live, attenuated rubella vaccines in the United States in 1969, rubella was common, and epidemics occurred every 6 to 9 years (72). Further declines occurred as rubella vaccination efforts increased in other countries in the WHO Region of the Americas. Scand J Infect Dis 1985;17:337–41. In one study, the risk difference of febrile seizure within 14 days of MMR vaccination for children aged 15 to 17 months with a personal history of febrile seizures was 19.5 per 1,000 (CI = 16.1– 23.6) and for siblings of children with a history of febrile seizures was four per 1,000 (CI = 2.9–5.4) compared with unvaccinated children of the same age (277). Persons with perinatal HIV infection who were vaccinated with measles-, rubella-, or mumps-containing vaccine before establishment of effective ART should receive 2 appropriately spaced doses of MMR vaccine (i.e., 1 dose now and another dose at least 28 days later) once effective ART has been established unless they have other acceptable current evidence of measles, rubella, and mumps immunity (Table 3). Thompson KM, Tobin JO. The recommended dose of IG administered intramuscularly (IGIM) is 0.5 mL/kg of body weight (maximum dose = 15 mL) and the recommended dose of IG given intravenously (IGIV) is 400 mg/kg. Unless the parent or caregiver expresses a preference for MMRV vaccine, CDC recommends that MMR vaccine and varicella vaccines be administered for the first dose in this age group because of the increased risk for febrile seizures 5 through 12 days after vaccination with MMRV vaccine compared with MMR vaccine among children aged 12 through 23 months (126,298,299). Stowe J, Kafatos G, Andrews N, Miller E. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and the second dose of MMR. Intuitively, when an object is set in motion, it soon comes to a halt. MMR vaccine is indicated for persons aged ≥12 months. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial in twins. Pediatrics 2003;112:815–20. J Pediatr 1968;72:461–6. Pediatrics 2006;118:1422–30. Measles antibody titers were higher in HIV-infected children who started effective ART early compared with HIV-infected children who started effective ART later in life (229). MMR vaccine might cause fever (<15%), transient rashes (5%), transient lymphadenopathy (5% of children and 20% of adults), or parotitis (<1%) (160,163,279–283). History (from Greek ἱστορία, historia, meaning "inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past. Several published studies have compared attack rates among persons who received MMR or single antigen measles vaccine (without gamma globulin) as postexposure prophylaxis with those who remained unvaccinated after exposure to measles. Vaccine 1998;16:2047–51. Richard JL, Zwahlen M, Feuz M, Matter HC. Alternate Text: This figure provides the number of measles cases in the United States from 1962 through 2011. Once a paradigm shift has taken place, the textbooks are rewritten. Immunization Safety Review: Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism. Moss WJ, Scott S, Mugala N, et al. http://vaers.hhs.gov/resources/VAERS_Table_of_Reportable_Events_Following_Vaccination.pdf, http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/07/minutes/2007-4317M.htm, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/11/29/u-s-birth-rate-falls-to-a-record-low-decline-is-greatest-among-immigrants/, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RR-2). This range of effectiveness also can be attributed to age at vaccination (i.e., the 85% vaccine effectiveness represented children vaccinated at age 12 months, whereas the ≥94% vaccine effectiveness represented children vaccinated at age ≥15 months [146]). Mumps is an acute viral infection characterized by fever and inflammation of the salivary glands. Evidence used to support the achievement and maintenance of elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the United States.